Intolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Prejudice - Essay Example In this examination we’re going to look at the idea of narrow mindedness in the various parts of our lives and attempt to discover appropriate answers for these issues. 1. Give a rundown (counting references) of the two articles you chose and includeâ data on how the occasions in the articles show prejudice toward a gathering orâ person. Who are the minority and lion's share bunches in this article? (min.1 pg-max 2â pgs for each article)â Article 1 â€Å"Crossing the Limits of Tolerance† (Newspaper article, Nov. sixteenth 2008) talks about prejudice among individuals of various ethnic societies. The dominant part bunches for this situation are individuals from the all around created nations who were wealthy and accomplished. The minority bunches for this situation would be the individuals having a place with creating of immature nations and who are not all that accomplished and have an a lot lesser financial foundation. This article reveals insight into how indi viduals in old occasions showed incredible bigotry because of frailty including regional rights and their essential presence. In any case, when civic establishments created and advanced and Science made extraordinary progression, man increased better understanding and modernity which prompted a higher suspicion that all is well and good, along these lines prompting more prominent resistance and better congruity. Be that as it may, in contemporary society, the scales have tipped by and by towards narrow mindedness, for the way that incredible steps have been made in the field of mechanical headway. Individuals of wealthy nations have found that they have influence to deal with the gatherings of have - nots by utilizing such innovation. It is because of such narrow mindedness towards others that dread - mongering and weakness have become the standard of today. Article 2 â€Å"For a few Observers, History rehashing itself† by Michael E. Ross, msnbc correspondent, reveals insight into the abhor bunches in the United States. The Southern Poverty Law Center, a legitimate guard association for social equality cites the quantity of dynamic detest gatherings to be 762. Bigotry towards various ethnic gatherings was the main driver for the development of such loathe gatherings. The association checked the rise and progress of these gatherings and found that a main Internet website called the ‘Stormfront Forum’ which was at first run by the past pioneer of the Ku Klux Klan had an enrollment of 46, 300 and showcased ‘white supremacy’ to the majority through handouts and bulletins. Ethnic narrow mindedness and prejudice was the support around which these abhor bunches worked. 2. Make an examination between the two articles you chose and „Us and Them?. Citeâ explicit models from both the articles and the articles in „Us and Them? what's more, show howâ they are comparative as well as various. (min.1 pg-max 2 pgs)â Article 1 and 2 both arrangement with narrow mindedness however every one of an alternate kind. Article 1 discusses prejudice of accomplished and well-to-do social orders towards gatherings and social orders with a poor financial foundation. It additionally reveals insight into the force that is employed by the well-off social orders and coordinated towards the lesser created nations who are no counterpart for them. In contrast with the main article, the subsequent article talks about prejudice towards other ethnic gatherings by supporting disdain towards them. ‘Us and Them’ by David Berreby is an important and noteworthy work that reveals insight into our conduct and says how it comes in the manner

Participative management Essay Example For Students

Participative administration Essay Participative administration is another methodology in the work power today. Employment enhancement, quality circles, and self-overseeing work groups are only a portion of the methodologies. Organizations share a shared objective of expanding representative contribution. They need to raise the quality, execution, and profitability of their laborers. The inquiries that follow will be replied in this paper. What is participative administration? What are the upsides of participative administration? How can it raise quality, efficiency, and execution? How might it be effectively begun, executed, and supported? What are the consequences of investigations accomplished in the work force?Participative administration is a procedure by which an organization endeavors to expand the capability of its representatives by including them in choices influencing their work lives. A distinctive trait of the procedure is that its objectives are not just obtained, they center around the improvement of pr ofitability and proficiency, however they are likewise satisfying and self-upgrading in themselves. The key objectives of worker inclusion programs is to upgrade the nature of the employees’ working life, the executives must be receptive to the solicitations of the representatives. The most ideal approach to find out those solicitations is to ask workers. On the off chance that laborers can be propelled and allowed the chance to take part in the quest for improved strategies for work execution, and if this inspiration and support can be kept up after some time, work execution ought to improve. Profitability is higher in organizations with a sorted out program of specialist support. Worker support can and raises profitability. The most proper structure will differ from organization to organization yet interest works just when the two gatherings need it to work. The answer for America’s regrettable profitability development isn’t essentially increasingly capital spending (Lewis Renn, 1992). Individuals will in general achieve what they choose they need to achieve. Thoughts, changes, proposals and suggestions that are produced by the individuals who execute them have an a lot more noteworthy potential for success of being effectively actualized. In principle, individuals who take part in settling on a choice are better propelled to execute it. Support can improve the nature of dynamic. Participative administration seems to offer enormous favorable circumstances. It can make associations where individuals at all levels have an independent mind and deal with their own work, at that point far less representatives will be required and the individuals who remain will have all the more fulfilling and fulfilling employments. This thusly could help make the higher work costs in the United States serious in light of the fact that lower-level representatives would be contributing more by utilizing both their hands and their psyches. It could prompt better items that are globally serious. In the event that our organizations had the option to successfully use participative administration, the preferences could be gigantic. We could be an increasingly beneficial society where work adds to the nature of people’s lives. We could again be serious in worldwide markets, be appreciated for our administration abilities, and be a general public whose work environments are a well spring of pride and force. We may likewise come a lot nearer to coordinating the truth of how individuals are dealt with: with deference; nobility; fair rights; singular rights; and the option to partake in the their rewards for all the hard work (Lawler, 1990). These qualities have made our general public for more than two centuries however they have not given a lot of capacity to our workplace. There are ten stages expressed by Jerre Lewis and Leslie Renn to actualizing a fruitful participative administration program. Stage one: Support of top administration and association initiative. Top administration must authorize and be steady of any participative administration and worker contribution program. It is significant that once top administration has settled on the ruling for participative administration, all administrative work force be appropriately prepared on the best way to change their administration style from the old conventional firm stance way to deal with the participat ory style. Association initiative should likewise be set up for setting out on a participative administration program. Numerous association chiefs have expected that participative administration and worker inclusion projects would subvert the job of the nearby association and the aggregate haggling understandings. Without the help of the association administration, the program will come up short. Stage two: Employees must be prepared to acknowledge a participative administration program. With the end goal for representatives to be open to such a program, a culture change must happen. Actualizing a participative administration program in an antagonistic work atmosphere won't work and be fruitful. Representatives must be eager to change and want to begin cooperating as a group. This culture change doesn't occur without any forethought. Everybody in the association must have a similar equivalent chance to get engaged with dynamic comparative with their own activity. Stage three: Establish trust among all workers. Trust is the paste that ties workers together in an association. A worker inclusion program won't be fruitful without trust. The board must start trust among its representatives. With the goal for trust to happen, genuineness and respectability must win. The board ought not make any vows to its representatives that it can not convey on and back up. Trust is a critical component in any participative administration program and should be built up all things considered or the program won't be a triumph. Stage four: Any participative administration program ought to be started on a deliberate premise. Workers ought not be compelled to take part in dynamic without wanting to. When a worker chooses not to get engaged with such a program, the person in question ought not be singled out as declining to be a cooperative person and seen in a contrary way. It is significant that the perspectives of these representatives keep on being regarded. Dumpster Diving EssayThe key to continuing an effective participative administration program is in the relations among associations and the executives. It lies in the way of thinking of, and the duty to, collaboration. An agreeable work/the board position will prompt improved quality and expanded efficiency; an ill-disposed position will lead just to conflict (Lewis Renn, 1992). On the off chance that interest in working environment critical thinking scattered over an adequately huge part of the workforce, at that point hierarchical viability ought to likewise improve. Elevated levels of trust, responsibility, and investment can be kept up after some time and across enormous quantities of laborers, be that as it may, just on the off chance that they are fortified by more elevated level business and aggregate bartering systems. There have been numerous fruitful usage of the participative administration program. One organization that attempted was General Motors. They have an old plant in Fremont, California that started delivering vehicles once more. The plant was totally remodeled and the main things left was the shell of the old primary structure and a portion of the old representatives. Pretty much everything else was new, for example, corporate sponsorship, working way of thinking, and the assembling framework. The new United Motor Manufacturing Inc. is a joint endeavor of General Motors and Toyota. It was set up as a methods through which General Motors could gain proficiency with the Japanese Manufacturing framework, and the Japanese could figure out how to work in an American setting. An open domain was set up at Nummi in which joint critical thinking by work and the board, looking for choices for shared increase while growing great confidence and trust, won. The personal satisfaction at work thusly brought about better execution and higher profitability at work (Lewis Renn, 1992). Motorola is another achievement. Their participative administration progra m is working for more than ninety-five percent of their assembling representatives and has been drastically fruitful (Lawler, 1986). Honeywell, Proctor Gamble, and many different organizations have constructed new-structure plants that limit the separation among laborers and directors. The plants include representatives in numerous choices and are organized based on work groups. In certain plants workers make pay, recruiting, planning, and quality choices. Honeywell, Xerox, Motorola, Ford, General Motors (GM), and Westinghouse have all freely conceded to utilizing an increasingly participative way to deal with arranging and overseeing individuals. Their change programs are considerably more noteworthy than the expanded utilization of such practices as quality circles, gainsharing, and self-overseeing groups since they are attempting to change the whole association, not only a couple of plants or a couple of practices (Lawler, 1986). The work spot of things to come will require more prominent accentuation on such key human asset factors as participative administration, preparing projects, and cooperation. Worker contribution and participative activities are probably going to grow impressively throughout the following quite a while in United States organizations. In the event that they are to stay serious in the commercial center and get by with the extreme abroad difficulties anticipating them, laborer contribution and these activities must be available. BibliographyLawler III, E. (1986). High-Involvement Management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers. Lewis, J. Renn, L. (1992). The most effective method to Start A Participative Management Program: Ten Easy Steps. Interlochen: Lewis Renn Associates, Inc. Schuller, T. (1985). Majority rules system at Work. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sirianni, C. (1987). Laborer Participation and the Politics of Reform. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Warner, M. (1984). Associations and Experiments: Designing New Ways of Managing Work. New York: John Wiley Sons.

All the Pretty Horses novel Essay Example for Free

All the Pretty Horses epic Essay The principle character, John Grady Cole, faces a lot of hardships all through his excursion from his home in Texas to Mexico. Then again, McCarthy composes this honor winning book in a positive manner, showing the harmony among confidence and negativity in our reality. He shows how John Grady Cole has developed and developed considerably as a result of this pessimism he faces. The peruser can plainly observe the cynicism not just in the primary page of the novel, yet in addition in the principal passage. McCarthy starts the book with, â€Å"†¦ he took a gander at the face so surrendered and drawn among the folds of burial service fabric, the yellowed mustache, the eyelids paper flimsy. That was not sleeping†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3). The memorial service portrayed in the primary page is John Grady’s grandpa’s burial service. Beginning a book off along these lines (with a dead body) clearly focuses the peruser towards the feeling that this book is a long, shocking ride with much passing and pulverization. The picture of the final resting place, the yellowing mustache, and the perished individual obviously shows the antagonism that fills this book. All through the book, John Grady Cole faces numerous difficulties and much affliction and figures out how to live with it. In the wake of leaving their home in Texas, John Grady and his closest companion Rawlins travel several miles deep into the core of Mexico riding a horse until they arrive at a farm offering work called La Purisima. Both of these young men are gifted at working with ponies and invest the majority of their energy at the farm subduing and dealing with the numerous ponies there. While working at La Purisima, John meets the farm owner’s little girl, a delightful young lady named Alejandra, and experiences passionate feelings. Alejandra’s father completely doesn't welcome this; truth be told, he arranges for John Grady and Rawlins to be captured in view of John’s communications with Alejandra. The hardships that these young men face are constant, in any case, John Grady will not hang his head and surrender. On their way to the prison, John Grady says to Rawlins, â€Å"I can’t back up and begin once again. Be that as it may, I don’t see the point in slobberin over it† (155). Now, McCarthy uncovers how John Grady has developed and has figured out how to live with the distresses he faces. With this newly discovered development, and as John Grady Cole defeats this awful excursion of antagonism, he has figured out how to live with the cynicism and has discovered how the negatives go next to each other with the positives. Approaching the finish of the book John Grady Cole understands that â€Å"the world’s agony and its magnificence moved in a relationship of wandering equity† (282). John Grady has taken in the ability of looking for the light in a dull room, continually declining to harp on the negative parts of his numerous terrible circumstances. He has another insight of the world and has figured out how it functions. All in all, McCarthy composes All The Pretty Horses with much cynicism and simultaneously he conveys an exercise of how energy is covered up in each circumstance, excursion, and life. McCarthy exhibits how John Grady Cole learns development the most difficult way possible: through hardships, distress and passing. This book leaves the peruser with a tear in their eye and a grin all over, for they realize that distress is perched on the doorstep of satisfaction.

The Battle Over What Is a Conclusion Sentence and How to Win It

The Battle Over What Is a Conclusion Sentence and How to Win It The Downside Risk of What Is a Conclusion Sentence Additionally, a lot of people want a simpler computer, and won't ever open this up or upgrade. You could use either the ones which can be found the web or a real printed book. Your article is all about one primary thing, so you need to remind your users about it at the conclusion of the post. Also, you'll need a transition word to create readers understand you're going to conclude. The absolute most prosperous articles have strong finishes, where the conclusion is just one of the strongest elements of the short article. One or more of these strategies might help you write a productive conclusion. Even if it's the case that you do not require a complete conclusion, keep in mind that any assignment nearly always should be rounded off in some way and brought to a finish. An effective conclusion is thorough and elaborative, it gives a clear and robust idea regarding the entire text. The Key to Successful What Is a Conclusion Sentence The last matter to observe is the way to compose a conclusion for an expository essay. Failing to realize it is utilized to close the last thoughts on a subject is a typical mistake many writers make. Writing Concluding Sentences Most people today think TV shows are purely entertainment, but they may also be informational. True, it is a small bit about summary, but nevertheless, it should take your essay one step further. The entire motivation in writing a report is to change somebody's behavior, and I consider the question to be among the best methods of doing this. It's possible to locate a great essay writing company to direct you through the essay writing process. There are several cheap customized essay writing companies. What Everybody Dislikes About What Is a Conclusion Sentence and Why Nothing can be easier than to compose the last paragraph with our on-line generator! Employing a quotation at first or end of the paper gives a superb impression. Lend our totally free summary generator a couple of minutes of your time and you may become just the summary you were searching for. When it's a lengthier paper, a very good place to begin is by looking at what each paragraph was about. Appropriate closure is not as important only when you're writing a cliff-hanger. An excellent means to conc lude your conclusion is to stretch one of the principal themes you've been exploring into contemporary life. Bear in mind, life is never that easy. God will reward you in the event that you opt to honor Him, and conserve sex for its proper time and put your marriage. The difficulty is most likely many more psychological for learners. Rather than giving information directly, a teacher asks a set of questions that result in a conclusion. Students have to keep in mind 3 significant differences. For a diagnosis and treatment programme to work, it has to never be developed in isolation. Longer lengths of recess are clearly required to permit students the very best possible probability of succeeding in their studies. To begin with, someone has to get a research question they want answered and a small background knowledge on the topic. Therefore, the collective effect of all of the green house gases increases temperature on the earth and provides rise to numerous dangerous issues. A tiny rise in the degree of green house gases may hugely influence the international warming. Another illustration would be slipping on liquid spilled on the ground. What Is a Conclusion Sentence Ideas Your conclusion can go past the confines of the assignment. Also, don't forget that you don't add anything new in concluding sentences. You will need to create a great conclusion sentence so that you're able to write the ideal conclusion. The conclusion sentences should provide the reader an awareness of completion or closure. Failure to reveal problems and negative results Negative details of the research procedure should not be ignored. As a customer, you will want to be prepared to figure out regardless of whether the business has a superior history. Many are not able to access mental health services and are too ill to remain in a shelter. Food costs money, so even if a man or woman can purchase food it might not be that nutritious.

Video Games And Its Effect On Children - 1101 Words

Ever since the Columbine Massacre occurred, people seemed to concern themselves with the violent nature of video games. So many people argue that because video games played a part in the lives of the two teenagers who planned and executed the event, video games are to be blamed as their motive. Although video games have often glamorize graphic violence, people should not cast blame upon them for an increase in violent behavior in those who play them (especially teens) because those who make these accusations do so only to demonize what they do not and try not to understand. It is true that as technology has improved video games have become able to accurately detail more graphic content. Games such as Doom (which was released in 1993) caused much controversy for the detail they were capable of giving to the violence delivered in the game and graphic content in video games as a whole has only increased in the years since. Adults are completely justified in not wanting their children to be exposed to games such as these. However, blaming video games for the increase of violent behavior, especially school shootings, is ludicrous. Karen Sternheimer examines several claims made by opponents of video games in her article â€Å"Do Video Games Kill?† And finds their assertions lacking evidence. She states that no studies conducted have found that â€Å"media violence causes aggressive behavior† (217). She believes that it is far more likely that â€Å"more aggressive people seek out violentShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Video games have always been a controversial type of entertainment, that may come from how relatively new video games are compared to other mediums of entertainment[1]. Maybe because of that when a violent crime occurs and the culprit has played a lot of games the media is quick to point at violent games as the reason for the crime, but is that true or are the media just biased or looking for quick views, this report aims to answer that question. Do games affect our way of thinkingRead MoreEffects Of Video Games On Children Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesScreening to a halt: Are parents in New Zealand able to identify signs of dependency or addiction in their children due to over use of screen-time from the recreational use of video games? Digital technology and the vast amount of video games have increased the amount of screen time consumption in contemporary New Zealand society. The saturation of smart phones, ipad’s, tablets, computers, game consoles and the Internet are devices with the means of connection to gaming. Many New Zealand families integrateRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Children1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Video Games on Children Technology today has progressed rapidly from generation to generation. Children and young adults are both into video games and the latest gadgets out there. Video games have been available to customers for the last 30 years. They are a unique way to entertain individuals because they encourage players to become a part of the games script. Victor Strasburger an author of â€Å"Children, Adolescents, and the media† stated â€Å"The rising popularity of video games hasRead MoreThe Effects of Video and Video Games on Children2043 Words   |  8 Pagesaction, usually in a cartoon, movie, or video game. For many of us, Disney is where we refer back to early forms of animation with the idea of using thousands of consecutive drawings; through Disney, we can now see how far this idea of breathing life into static objects has advanced. 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While much controversy has arisen over the subject, video games have benefited the United States of America and its citizens to a great degree. For example, the military and CIA use gaming to train soldiers (Davidson, www.ehow.com), and classrooms use video games to teach students. The potentialRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children1034 Words   |  5 PagesThe world of today has developed in a way that even children are affected by technology. They enjoy video games in their leisure time and even prefer them to studying that, in its turn, can contribute to their poor performance in the class. These days, video games have become an issue that has brought concern to many people from parents to scholars about their potential effect on the future of children through influenci ng their conduct. They feel that the violent behavior or any other negative consequence

Power Struggles in Capitalist Democracies and the Fate of...

Power Struggles in Capitalist Democracies and the Fate of American Labor Unions To some, capitalistic democracy conjures up the picture of a utopia where the free market is accompanied by individual liberty and social justice. To others, however, the term is more like a paradox—despite tremendous economic power, the advanced industrial nations are not immune from the evils of socio-political inequality as well as economical disparity. Amongst the capitalist democracies of the world, it is an established and well-known fact that when compared with the advanced industrial countries in Europe, the United States has the worst condition of economical-political inequality and social injustice. Its government is the least progressive, and†¦show more content†¦The demand constraints limits what the labor class and the state can demand from the capitalist class because it essentially controls the economy through capital investment. As a result, the satisfaction of the interest of capitalists is a necessary condition for the satisfaction of all other inter ests within the system. (Cohen 298). There exists an inherent imbalance of power in a capitalist democracy because its stability and growth depends primarily on the economic well being of the capitalist class. This group holds the power of choosing what, where, and how to invest their resources. Moreover, corporations control a host of decisions unless and until the government specifically intervenes. (Clowson et al, 161) The labor class is dependent on them for employment and income, and the state also relies on them both directly and indirectly—directly through income tax of the rich and their businesses (which pays the most for social programs in the socially necessary process of wealth redistribution), and indirectly through income tax levied on the working class who are employed by the capitalists. Thus, it is not surprising that the U.S. government has constantly wooed businesses in hope of economic growth. As aShow MoreRelatedThe Origins Of Cold War1550 Words   |  7 PagesThis research looks at the origins of Cold war, the political, ideological and economical rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union. This research draws upon mostly primary sources including memoirs, interviews and scholarly studies of cold war era conflicts. Most research on this topic focuses on its connection to the famous events and upheavals, which shaped that era. â€Å"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an â€Å"Iron Curtain† has descended across the continent. Behind thatRead MoreEssay on McCarthyism and the Conservative Political Climate of Today6203 Words   |  25 PagesMcCarthyism and the Conservative Political Climate of Today nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;FOR ALMOST fifty years, the words quot;McCarthyquot; and quot;McCarthyismquot; have stood for a shameful period in American political history. During this period, thousands of people lost their jobs and hundreds were sent to prison. The U.S. government executed Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, two Communist Party (CP) members, as Russian spies. All of these people were victims of McCarthyism, the witch-huntRead MorePolitical Situation in Pakistan14875 Words   |  60 PagesAll power to the people!† It is imperative to resolve internal differences by consensus and consent. The long debate on the form of government and the constitution must be brought to an end. The wisdom of the people cannot be questioned in this age of enlightenment. 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JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert GRead MoreIb History Rise of the Single State Parties6245 Words   |  25 Pagesmost of Togoland and Cameroons ââ€"  Treaty of Versailles 06/28/1919-1920 ââ€"‹ punishments for Germany ââ€"   fortifications need to be destroy ââ€"   military reduced to 100,000 men ââ€"   no air force and submarine ââ€"   accept blame to start the war - War Guilt Clause ââ€"   Union (Anschluss) between Germany and Austria was forbidden ââ€"   pay reparation ââ€"  6,600 million pounds 1921 -- J.M. Keyes (British economic adviser thought it’s too high) ââ€"  money → paid the debt of USA ââ€"   lose territory (12-13% of land lost) ââ€"  Alsace-LorraineRead MoreA View from the Bridge: Story of a Brooklyn Longshoreman6101 Words   |  25 Pagesall but impossible to think of one’s fate apart from that of society† (Timebends 363). This is a belief that would stick with Miller and so many other working class men and women because it was linked to their survival. Through a series of economic depressions – 1870s, 1890s, and now the 1930s – the disenfranchised working class had latched onto the ideas of Marx, socialism, anarchism, and labor unions, all pointing toward solidarity and their collective power. Of course, the historic cycle is thatRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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Economic institutions determine the incentives of and the constraints on economic actors, andRead MoreMGT1FOM Key Management Theorists26579 Words   |  107 Pagesthe basic elements of a more modern version. It had a store (or memory device), a mill (or arithmetic unit), a punch-card input system, external memory storage, and conditional transfer. 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Subdividing and Amalgamating Land

Question: Discuss about the Subdividing and Amalgamating Land. Answer: Introduction: The given case is related to personal exertion income norms that are applicable in Australia. As per the information provided, the case deals with Hilary who happens to be a famous mountain climber. Due to her fame, people are interested in knowing more about Hilarys personal life. Inspired by this thought, a newspaper (Daily Terror) offers a sum of $ 10,000 to Hilary for writing her life story. Even though Hilary lacked any previous experience in writing, but still she could manage to complete her story without taking any external assistance. Hilary took $ 10,000 from the newspaper and sold the story along with all the related rights. The manuscript of her story was sold for a consideration of $ 5,000 to Mitchell Library. Further, the photos clicked during her mountain expeditions were also sold to a museum for a consideration of $ 2,000. The aim of this case is to ascertain the income from amongst the above that would be classified as personal exertion income. In accordance with Section 393-10, ITAA 1997, personal exertion income constitutes the following income (Sadiq et. al., 2015). Income earned in the form of commission Bonus Fees Wages/Salaries Pension Superannuation allowances It is imperative that the above mentioned income should be received by the employee in lieu of services offered by the individual either on standalone basis or partnering with another person. Based on the above discussion with regards to personal exertion income definition, it may be derived that for Hilary all the money derived would be taken as personal exertion income (Barkoczy, 2015). The explanation in this regard is offered below. The newspaper gave her $ 10,000 for writing the story and hence she got the money for indulging in writing which she carried out alone. Also, she indulged in writing with the underlying intention of making money as she started writing only once the offer was given by the local newspaper. The manuscript was derived because of the offer by the local newspaper which got her into writing the book about her life. If she had not indulged in writing of the book, there would not be any income in relation to the manuscript. The income to the tune of $ 2,000 that she obtained by sale of photographs during her expeditions were also attributed to the offer by the newspaper as without the book writing exercise, this income would not be derived. Hence, from the above discussion, it is apparent that all the three types of income are directly or indirectly attributed to the offer of story writing by the newspaper. As a result, it is concluded that all the income to the tune of $ 17,000 would be treated as personal exertion income. Thus, assuming no other source of income, the taxable income for Hilary would be $ 17,000 and since this is lower than the taxable limit, hence no tax would be levied. In case, Hilary was driven by only self-satisfaction while writing the story, in that case also, the derived compensation will be given the same treatment as above. This is in line with the arguments stated in the Graham v CIR [1961] NZLR 994 case. In this particular case, the taxpayer was engaged in activities related with preaching and was solely driven by self satisfaction. However, the court reached the verdict that any income or proceeds collected from followers would be termed as personal income exertion irrespective of the fact that the central objective of the taxpayer was not to earn any income. This was because in the position that the taxpayer was in, it was natural to expect some gifts from the followers and thus due to expected nature of proceeds, these were considered income (Gupta, 2009). The essence of the above case can be applied in the Hilarys case since even though she might write driven by her satisfaction, but she is well aware that her story would have some com mercial value because of her fame as a mountain climber and hence could expect some proceeds or income from sale of the book and also the manuscript. Thus, the income derived above would be still treated in the same manner as above The given case pertains to the income tax implications of the principal repayment along with the interest income. As per the given information, a sum of $ 40,000 is lent to the son which the son promises would return after five years. The two of them do not enter into any formal agreement for the loan and the mother also does not demand any security from the son as collateral. The mother does not expect to earn any interest income from the amount lent as a result of the relationship that the lender shares with the borrower. The son repays the whole amount along with an interest of 5% after two years only instead of the promised five years. Hence, total interest given to the mother = (5/100)*40000*2 = $ 4,000 Therefore, the son paid a total amount of $ 44,000 through a single cheque and hence did not indulge in any bifurcation of the principal and the interest amount. The interest income typically falls within the ambit or ordinary income that is covered under Section 6(5), ITAA 1997. In order for the interest income to be taxed, either it should be invested in an instrument which pays interest or the person concerned should be engaged in money lending business (Gilders et. al., 2015). In the given case, it is apparent from the given information that the mother is not engaged in the business of money lending. This is apparent from the fact that she does not execute any formal loan agreement with the son and does not demand any collateral to ensure recovery in case of default. Besides, it is clearly stated that she had no intention of earning interest on the money extended but hoped to just gain back the principal after five years (Deutsch et. al., 2015). Thus, logically it can be derived that the interest income of $ 4,000 would not be taxable income for the mother and would be considered as gift from the son which is voluntary and driven from the personal relationship that the two share. Hence, the entire amount of $ 44,000 that has been paid to the mother by the son is out of the ambit of tax. Thus, there would not be any tax implications of the incremental amount received by the mother on account of extending financial help to the son. CGT or Capital Gains Tax is levied in the event of the liquidation of any capital asset by a particular entity. The formula for computation of capital gains is given below (Barkoczy, 2015). Capital gains = Selling price of the asset Cost base of the asset Typically, the assets cost base not only contains the cost of acquisition but also the incidental costs involved and any cost incurred for asset value improvement. For any capital asset whose holding period is in excess of 12 months, the capital gains tax may be determined using the following two approaches (Sadiq et. al., 2015). Discount Method: This approach is only valid for individuals and certain small businesses. As per this method, a rebate of 50% in the capital gains is offered and therefore only the remaining 50% id subject to CGT purview. Indexation Method: This method may be applied only for those capital assets that were bought before 21st September, 1999. The indexation method enables enhancement of cost base on the basis of the CPI or consumer price index. This indexed cost can then be utilised to calculate the taxable capital gains. As per the information provided, the `sales proceeds derived from the property liquidated on March 1, 2015 is $ 800,000. It is apparent that property comes under the aegis of CGT since the house was built after September 20, 1985. At the time, the house was built, the land value was estimated at 90,000 while that of construction was $ 60,000. Scott can avail either of the methods of CGT i.e. discount method and indexation method. In order to enable a rational choice, the taxable capital gains have been computed using both approaches as shown below. Discount Method Sales proceeds $800,000 Less: Acquisition Cost $(90,000) Less: Improvement Cost $(60,000) Net Capital Gains $650,000 Discount @ 50% $325,000 Taxable Capital Gains subject to CGT $325,000 Thus, it is apparent from the above computation that taxable capital gains in accordance with discount method amounts to $ 325,000. Indexation Method Sales proceeds $800,000 Less: indexed acquisition cost 90000*(107.5/68.5) $(140,830) Less: indexed improvement cost $(93,885) Capital Gain $565,285 Based on the above calculation, it is apparent that the taxable capital gains would amount to $ 565,285. Since the taxable capital gains are lesser in discount method as compared to the indexation method, hence Scott would prefer the discount method (ATO, 2015a). As per the information provided, the property is now sold to Scotts daughter for a consideration of $ 200,000 which is significantly lesser than the stated market value in the above case. Due to the sale being done to a family member, the transaction has not being done at an arms length. In such cases, the capital proceeds arising from the asset would be the higher of the current market value and the capital proceeds on actual sale (ATO, 2015b). In the given case, it is apparent that out of the actual sales proceeds (i.e $ 200,000) and the fair value of the property (i.e. $ 800,000), the higher amount is $ 800,000 which would be considered for computation of capital gains. As a result, the taxable capital gains for this transaction also would be $325,000 as computed using the discount method shown above. Now it is known that asset owner is not an individual but a company and hence the answer would vary. From the discussion in part a, it is known that discount method is not applicable for companies. Thus, discount method could not be used and only option available would be the indexation method of taxable capital gains computation. As per this method, the taxable capital gains are $565,285 as shown in part (a). Bibliography ATO 2015a, Subdividing and amalgamating land, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/Real-estate/Subdividing-and-amalgamating-land/ (Accessed on August 16, 2016) ATO 2015b, Why do you need a market valuation, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/Real-estate/Transferring-real-estate-to-family-or-friends/?page=3 (Accessed on August 16, 2016) Barkoczy, S. 2015. Australian tax casebook. CCH Publications, Sydney Deutsch, R, Freizer, M, Fullerton, I, Hanley, P, Snape, T 2015, Australian tax handbook 8th eds., Thomson Reuters, Pymont Gilders, F, Taylor, J, Walpole, M, Burton, M. Ciro, T 2015, Understanding taxation law 2015, 8th eds., LexisNexis/Butterworths. Gupta, R. 2009. Receipts from Personal Exertion: Mere Gifts or Gross Income?, Auckland University o Technology, Available online from https://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/735/GuptaR.pdf?sequence=5 (Accessed on August 30, 2015) Sadiq, K, Coleman, C, Hanegbi, R, Jogarajan, S, Krever, R, Obst, W, and Ting, A 2015 ,Principles of Taxation Law 2015,8th eds., Thomson Reuters, Pymont

The President free essay sample

A ; National Security Essay, Research Paper The President and National Security The President? s function in National Security has been a subject of digesting argument in U.S. political relations from the Constitutional Convention to our present twenty-four hours state of affairs in Kosovo. About every American President has had to fight with this issue and trade with the Constitution? s separation of power between Congress and the Executive. The President and Congress portion the war-making powers, treaty-making and foreign policy powers, and among many others, the power to topographic point desired functionaries into certain offices. These powers, though disliked by many, are shared so as to protect the people of this state with our grass roots system of cheques and balances. Most critics of shared powers focus on the countries of war-making and foreign policy. This struggle can be traced all the manner back to the battle between Hamilton and Madison. We will write a custom essay sample on The President or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After what was said to be a series of failed Presidencies ( Johnson, Nixon, Ford, and Carter ) , one group of? modern Hamiltonians? wanted to? increase the power of the President explicitly. ? They hope to make their ends lawfully through statute law and constitutional amendments. Another group of Hamiltonians emerged informally after the Presidency of Ronald Reagan and the? Irangate? contention. Group members asserted that, ? The President and the President entirely, should exert sole authorization in at least four critical countries: the power to travel to war ; the power to both novice and transport out foreign policy ; the power to appoint functionaries to the highest stations in the state with merely the pro forma advice and consent of the Senate. ? ( # 6, p.57 ) They besides wanted the Congress to merely be able to do minor alterations to the President? s domestic budget policy. Other advocators of these places are seeking a more unitary province similar to those of modern par liamentary democracies like Great Britain. Many are covetous of the British Prime Minister? s ability to travel to war without a declaration or a ballot of Parliament. I believe that these critics are burying the ardent points our sires made when composing the fundamental law. The last thing they wanted was the President of the United States to hold the same unitary powers as the King or Prime Minister. That is why they elaborately built the system of cheques and balances, to protect us against a subdivision of authorities with excessively much power. I have chosen a few built-in pieces of American history to exemplify how Presidents have responded in the yesteryear to state of affairss affecting national security and how they dealt with, or circumvented Congress on the issue. President George Washington set the case in point of Presidential response to domestic national security issues in the? Whiskey Rebellion? in 1795. Western Pennsylvanians refused to pay revenue enhancements on whisky and decided to revolt. Washington desired non the gore of his ain countrymen, but a peaceable decision to this rebellion. Not merely did Washington organize an ground forces, he led the ground forces himself, to do peace and quiet his people down. It was at this page in history that President Washington established the case in point to organize military personnels to convey domestic peace. Sixty-six old ages subsequently, President Abraham Lincoln was faced with a much graving tool job. States began to splinter from the Union, the South attacked Fort Sumter, and Lincoln had to contend back for the interest of national security and basically run the war entirely, besides suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus. Lincoln? s enumerated powers during this war have been reveled a nd attempted by many recent Presidents, nevertheless people must recognize the context of his state of affairs and how it? s gravitation is uncomparable with any state of affairs since so. In the 1930? s there was a seeable growing in the office of the Presidency. In Franklin D. Roosevelt? s foremost inaugural reference in 1932, he asked for wartime powers to run into a peacetime crisis: I shall inquire the Congress for the one staying instrument to run into the crisis? wide executive power to pay a war against the exigency every bit great as the power that would be given me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign enemy. ( # 6, p.59 ) Congress backed his petition and from that minute on, faculty members and intellectuals have? denigrated the Congress and canonized the Presidency? ( # 6, p.58 ) . Presidents after FDR have followed suit taking to major events in the offices of Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Reagan. ? [ Harry ] Truman both formalized and expanded the presidential term as an institution. ? ( # 3, p.301 ) He lead the epoch of the modern presidential term by larning some of import lessons which his replacements would hold to take into consideration in future traffics with Congress in affairs of military intercession. Truman seized steel Millss during the Korean War by trying to exert his prerogative power but was stopped by a Supreme Court determination and Congress go throughing the Taft-Hartley Act. Justice Robert S. Jackson? s agring Supreme Court sentiment set the phase for the Court to follow when weighing presidential powers against congressional action: When the President takes steps incompatible with the expressed or implied will of Congress, his power is at it? s lowest wane, for so he can trust merely upon his ain constitutional powers minus any constitutional powers of Congress in the affair. Courts can prolong sole Presidential control in such instance merely by disenabling the Congress from moving upon the topic. Presidential claim to a power at one time so conclusive and obviating must be scrutinized with cautiousness, for what is at interest is the equilibrium established by our constitutional system. ( 2 ) Most unforgettably, nevertheless, was when he, without a declaration of war or a supportive congressional declaration, sent military personnels to halt an attacker in Korea. This was a baronial attempt though he paid in a heartfelt way? in the coin of public and congressional unfavorable judgment, ? ( # 3, p.298 ) and the war was subsequently dubbed? Truman? s War? . President Truman besides institutionalized the presidential term when he helped to make the National Security Council in 1947 under the National Security Act. Later, the Council was placed in the Executive Office of the President. Originally, the NSC was? conceived by many legislators to be a cheque on the President? s liberty? ( # 3, p.302 ) in affairs of national security. However, Truman slightly usurped this impression by doing the staffs of the Council portion of the? president? s squad? . Since the Council? s? origin? under Truman, it? s map has been to rede and help the President on the issues of national security and foreign policies. The NSC besides serves as? the President? s rule arm for organizing these policies among assorted authorities agencies. ? ( 4 ) . In 1949, Truman added another member to his squad by doing the frailty president a statutory member O f the National Security Council. Besides, as a affair of class, frailty presidents receive full national security briefings. Truman knew this was an of import determination protecting national security because the state was at hazard when he came into office due to him being kept in the dark as the frailty president. The constitution of the NSC was merely one more effort to separate the separation of powers between the President and Congress and reenforce our authorities? s system of cheques and balances. Quite perchance the best illustration of the on-going argument over the exclusivity of the powers of the President and Congress can be seen in the contention environing the War Powers Resolution. During his presidential term, Richard Nixon instituted an even greater sum of centralisation in the White House than Truman, therefore increasing the sum of grey country in separating the separation of powers and the exclusivity of the power of the Executive. ? Nixon reasoned that as holder of the Executive power, a President can travel beyond his enumerated powers and take whatever stairss are necessary to continue the state? s security, even if his actions might be unconstitutional. ? ( # 6, p.124 ) It is clear that since the early mid-thirtiess, Congress has delegated much power to the president, deliberately or non. The War Powers Resolution was an act of Congress to seek to recover some of it? s lost powers. However, in 1973 Nixon vetoed the proviso and every President since has disregarded or blatantly ignored it. The War Powers Resolution was a joint declaration passed under article I, subdivision 3, the? notification clause, ? by both the House and the Senate and so sent to President Nixon where he vetoed the measure. It was a declaration and non an act because Congress passed it over his veto with a ace bulk ballot. Besides, it was a declaration because it non merely affected the Executive subdivision, but it besides? provided for congressional action and precedence processs with regard to a Presidential study or congressional concurrent declaration, and amended the regulations of the House and Senate to transport them out. ? ( # 6, p.62 ) This declaration is frequently misunderstood as taking power from the President and spread outing the power of Congress. This, in fact, is a false belief because the declaration clearly states that Nothing in this joint declaration ( 1 ) is intended to change the Constitutional authorization of the Congress or of the President, or the commissariats of bing pacts ; or ( 2 ) shall be construed as allowing any authorization to the President with regard to the debut of United provinces Armed Forces into belligerencies or into state of affairss wherein engagement in belligerencies is clearly indicated by the fortunes which authorization he would non hold had in the absence of this joint declaration. ( # 6, p.62, ) Under Section 3 of the War Powers Resolution, ? the President in every possible case shall confer with with Congress before presenting United States Armed Forces into belligerencies? . ? However, no President has of all time? consulted? Congress before presenting armed forces into belligerencies, they have merely? informed? . This means that if he has merely 30 proceedingss to react to a foreign missile menace he may exert his powers as Commander in Chief of the military to present armed forces into belligerencies without congressional action. This is in conformity with the declaration where he is given these powers in a? ? national exigency created by onslaught upon the United States, it? s districts or ownerships, or it? s armed forces. ? ( subdivision 2 ( degree Celsius ) ( 3 ) ) . He must merely describe to Congress in three fortunes found in subdivision 4 within 48 hours? Section 4 ( a ) . In the absence of a declaration of war, or in any instance in which United Armed Forces are introduced # 8212 ; ( 1 ) into belligerencies or into state of affairss where at hand engagement in belligerencies is clearly indicated by the fortunes ; ( 2 ) into the district, air space or Waterss of a foreign state, while equipped for combat, except for deployments which relate entirely to provide, replacing, fix, or preparation of such forces ; or ( 3 ) in Numberss which well enlarge United States Armed Forces equipped for combat already located in a foreign state. ( subdivision 4 ( a ) , War Powers Resolution ) These illustrations clearly show that the War Powers Resolution does non curtail the President? s given powers under the fundamental law, nor does it increase the powers of Congress. The declaration merely sets more distinguishable guidelines for each subdivision to follow. This is after all what has been needed all along, something to unclutter up the grey country between the powers of Congress and the Executive in affairs of national security. Pious criticized the Executive subdivision? s disclaimer of the War Powers Resolution as the most recent illustration of? presidents? playing a shell game, claiming to move harmonizing to jurisprudence yet distributing with statutory jurisprudence at their convenience in national security matters. ? ( 5 ) In concurrency with this statement, the President needs to take every attempt to hold the backup of Congress and the American people when directing the military into belligerencies so he doesn? Ts make the same error Truman did when he sent military personnels into Korea. ? He needs to hold Congress and the people with him on the takeoff so they are accountable with him on the forced landing. ? ( # 6, p.70 ) By the Executive taking these powers into his ain custodies he is bearing a duty that no 1 adult male can manage by himself. The statements against the War Powers Resolution favor a move to a unitary province, or a? plebiscitary Presidency? . If these shared powers were taken fr om Congress and changed to a unitary power entirely held by the President himself it would destruct the system of cheques and balances on which this state was founded. This could non be expressed more articulately than by the words of James Madison who warned in Federalist, No. 47, that? the accretion of all powers legislative, executive, and bench, in the same custodies, whether of one, a few, or many and whether familial, self-appointed, or elected, may rightly be pronounced the really definition of dictatorship. ? Beginnings: 1.Hamilton, Madison, et al. , The Federalist Papers ( New York: Penguin Books, 1961 ) 2.Ibid. , 343 U.S. 570 at 637 ; and Richard M. Pious, The American Presidency ( New York: Basic Books, 1979 ) , 64-69. 3.Milkis, Sydney M. A ; Nelson, The American Presidency: Beginnings and Development, 1776-1993 ( Washington DC: CQ Press, 1993 ) 4.National Security Council, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/html/nschome-plain.html 5.Pious, Prerogative Power and the Reagan Presidency, 510 n. 27 6.Shuman, Howard E. , A ; Thomas, The Constitution and National Security ( Washington DC, National Defense University Press, 1990 )

The Innocence of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

The Innocence of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots Free Online Research Papers Fotheringhay Castle, located seventy-five miles outside of London in Northhamptonshire, has been the location of some of the greatest historical events in European history. It was the birthplace of Richard III, a special gift to Catherine of Aragon by her husband Henry VIII and the site where Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots lost her head to an executioner’s axe. On the morning of February 8, 1587, Sir Thomas Andrews, Sheriff of Northhamptonshire, appeared outside the chamber door for the room of Mary Stuart. The forty-four year old queen arose from her prayers and followed Andrews into another room to say her final farewell to her servants. The once beautiful queen of France and Scotland lost her elegance to â€Å"premature aging† as a result of her captivity. Mary proceeded to the great hall with two of her maidens, Jane Kennedy and Elizabeth Curle, by her side. In front of one-hundred spectators, Mary walked onto a wooden stage where she noticed two men standing next to an axe. She slowly began to realize that these men dressed in black gowns would cause her demise. Robert Beale recited the execution orders to the crowd as Mary sat listening to them without any emotion. Once Beale finished reading the orders, the Dean of Peterborough rose to give the last rites. As he began, Mary interrupted him when she annunciated her prayers in Latin. The bull knelt beside Mary and asked her forgiveness for the task placed before him. Mary replied, â€Å"I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles.† When the executioner undressed Mary and revealed a red velvet petticoat, an overwhelming sense of shock appeared on the faces of the crowd. As Jane Kennedy placed the blindfold over Mary’s eyes, she told her maidens not to cry for her. Mary knelt before the block and positioned her head for a perfect fit. The bull proceeded with a swift strike only to land the axe in the back of Mary’s head. Eyewitness accounts have two different stories about Mary’s expression when this accident happened. Some have claimed that Mary whimpered silently and others believed they heard her scream in agony. The executioner proceeded with a second strike of the axe and successfully severed the head from her body. As the executioner lifted Mary’s head, her curly wig detached and the head fell back to the ground. God Save the Queen! Protestants celebrated in victory throughout England and Scotland when they heard the news about the death of Mary, Queen of Scots. For years the queen has been at the center of many conspiracies against the life of Elizabeth I of England. In addition, she suffered continuous investigations in Scotland and England for the murder of her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Mary maintained her innocence throughout various inquiries and trials to determine her guilt. She blamed the ambitions of zealous Catholic servants who sought to further the Catholic cause for her benefit as well as their own. Many nineteenth century European historians agreed that Mary was a victim and examined hundreds of documents, such as the State Papers, to prove their claim. However, most modern-day historians believe in Mary’s guilt and claim that Elizabeth I and Lord Darnley died at her hands. In The True Life of Mary Stuart Queen of Scots, John Guy wants to break away from modern traditions o f relying heavily on secondary sources because they distort the truth. Guy studied many primary source documents to reveal that Mary’s crimes were not significant enough to cause her death. In Guy’s book he examines the plots against the life of Elizabeth I, the murder of Lord Darnley as well as correspondence between Mary and the conspirators. His conclusion shows Mary did not have any knowledge about her husband’s murder nor did she intend to murder Elizabeth. Mary never received the fair chance to defend herself and Elizabeth’s Privy Council had their mind made set about her guilt. This study will examine the pressures faced by Mary on issues of marriage and participating in Catholic plots to place her on the English throne. In addition, Mary’s innocence in the murder of Lord Darnley and the Babington conspiracy against Elizabeth’s life is revealed. This study will serve as an extension to Guy’s work in an effort to show a pattern of inconsistencies in the evidence used to implicate Mary in these crimes. These inconsistencies are found in letters written by Mary and then translated into fabricated copies by the English and S cottish governments to prove her guilt. The primary goal of these two governments was to stop the threat of a Catholic heir to the Protestant throne in England at all costs. In order to understand the hostility faced by Mary Stuart, it is necessary to examine her claim to the English throne. After the death of Edward VI, the only son of Henry VIII by Jane Seymour, Mary Tudor, his eldest sister, became Mary I of England. Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, the Catholic queen Catherine of Aragon. She married Philip II of Spain and failed in her attempts to produce an heir to the English throne. On November 6, 1558, Mary finally acknowledged Elizabeth as the rightful heir to the English throne. When she died eleven days later, Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor, announced Elizabeth as Mary’s successor during the Parliamentary session of that year. Elizabeth’s ascendancy to the throne of England was a victory for all Protestants throughout England. Catholics did not share in the sentiments felt by Protestants in Elizabeth’s ascendancy to the throne. They believed that Elizabeth was the illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. When Henry married Anne Boleyn, his divorce from Catherine of Aragon had not been recognized by the Catholic Church because she was still alive. Furthermore, when Henry divorced and executed Anne in 1536, the Act of Parliament declaring Elizabeth as illegitimate had never been repealed. Since Elizabeth’s illegitimacy continued to remain an issue, Mary Stuart, the only daughter of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise, appeared the rightful heir because she was the granddaughter of Henry VII of England. The Guise family of France maintained Mary Stuart’s right to the English throne based on Mary Tudor’s decree to return England to the embrace of the Catholic Church. However, when Pope Paul IV refused to declare Elizabeth illegitimate, all hopes for the English throne by Mary Stuart and the Guise family diminished. Paul did not want offend Philip II of Spain, who sought Elizabeth’s hand in marriage after the death of his wife Mary Tudor. Although Elizabeth was not declared illegitimate by the Pope, Mary continued to believe that she deserved the title Mary II of England. Her greatest betrayal came when Philip II of Spain joined forces with Catherine de Medici to stop the Guise power structure in France. In 1561, both powers signed the Treaty of Edinburgh. The agreement acknowledged Elizabeth as the rightful heir to the English throne. Conyers Read suggests France came to an agreement easily with Spain because their exhaustion from half of a century of fighting with the Hapsburgs. At this point, Catherine de Medici wanted to assert her power on the French throne. Elizabeth’s ascendancy to the English throne received a stroke of good luck because the powers of France and Spain, along with the papacy, did not combine forces against her. Mary could not bring herself to ratify this treaty because she felt it was an insult to her honor as the rightful queen of England. Elizabeth maintained her respect for Mary since she was another female sovereign. The Queen of England wanted to resolve any misunderstandings about the Treaty of Edinburgh, but Mary feared that any agreement made might decrease her chances in succeeding Elizabeth to the throne. The Scots Lords advised Mary to come to terms with Elizabeth in exchange that she recognized her as â€Å"heiress presumptive.† Mary sent her secretary, William Maitland, to England to persuade Elizabeth in revising the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh to include her as Elizabeth’s successor. Elizabeth’s response only assured Mary that she would win the love of the English people to regard her as the rightful heiress. Mary was not pleased with this news and sent Maitland back to England to warn Elizabeth about amending the treaty or action maybe taken to acquire the English throne. Maitland also advised Elizabeth that Mary requested an audience with her soon. Elizabeth could not approve any requests to meet with Mary with the religious war between the Catholics and Huguenots in France. She did not want to strengthen the position of the Guise family that may bring potential suffering to the French Protestants. Elizabeth agreed to meet with Mary around September 20, 1562 when the religious war was projected to end. Maitland returned to Scotland to relay Elizabeth’s message to Mary. In his absence, Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, advisor to Elizabeth, sent the queen an urgent letter advising of another religious war in France. Elizabeth wanted to assist the Huguenots and recognized that Mary’s Catholic associations might overthrow them. Elizabeth postponed the meeting for the remainder of the year and sent her messenger, Sir Henry Sidney, to Scotland to advise Mary of her plans. On January 12, 1563, Elizabeth’s Second Parliament met in order to settle the question on the succession. Parliament urged Elizabeth to marry but she refused to adhere to their suggestions. In order to deter them away from the issue, Elizabeth replied that she would one day marry and have children. In regard to the issue of Mary’s succession, Parliament recommended a marriage proposal between her and Elizabeth’s dearest friend, Robert Dudley, the first Earl of Leicester. Elizabeth trusted Dudley was the best candidate to promote the welfare of England in the North by ending the threat of foreign invasion from Scotland. Dudley was Protestant and an acceptable choice to the Calvinist lords who wanted Scottish Catholic powers to remain in check. Maitland met with Mary to discuss the marriage proposal and realized this would secure Mary as an heiress to the English and Scottish thrones. Elizabeth’s Secretary of State, William Cecil, also approved of the plan t o bring peace on the issue of succession. When Maitland returned to Scotland, he did not tell Mary of the news upon his arrival. However, the marriage plan did get back to King Philip of Spain. Maitland kept the marriage proposal a secret because Dudley’s family heritage consisted of traitors. Elizabeth granted Dudley the Kenilworth Castle at Warwickshire in an effort to make him more appealing to Mary. Mary’s true interest lied with the son of Philip II, Don Carlos, who began to fall ill. Elizabeth sent Thomas Randolph as a confidential agent to discuss the marriage plans with Mary. She gave him instructions to keep the name of Dudley a secret when discussing the plans. Once he arrived, Mary’s councilors pressed Randolph to reveal the name of the suitor. When he told Mary that the suitor was Dudley, she instantly rejected the marriage plans because of Dudley family’s reputation as a traitor. After Parliament received this news, Cecil offered Mary the promise of English secession with the approva l of Parliament. In addition, Elizabeth elevated Dudley’s status to the title of the Earl of Leicester. Mary continued to refuse the marriage proposal and began to steer in the direction of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Mary granted him titles such as the Earl of Ross and the Duke of Albany. They married on July 29, 1565 at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh. With this marriage, Mary wanted to rule Scotland without interruption, restore the Catholic faith and pursue the rebellious lords of England. As the marriage progressed, Darnley became lazy, unpleasant, arrogant and a habitual drinker. Maitland began to notice Mary’s discontent with him and wanted to rid her of her troubles. On November 20, 1566, Maitland, accompanied by other Scottish lords, followed Mary to Craigmillar Castle in Edinburgh to solve the problem with Darnley. Without Mary’s knowledge or consent, Maitland schemed different ways for Mary to become free of Darnley once and for all. Initially he pushed for a divorce and wanted the Earl of Moray, Mary’s half-brother, to consent to the plan. According to Frank Meline, the Scottish Lords only pushed for the divorce in order to protect their land grants, which Darnley stood to inherit upon Mary’s twenty-fifth birthday. Moray did not agree to the divorce plans because Darnley was still free to cause further mischief. At the encouragement of the Scottish Lords, James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, decided to join the plans for Mary’s divorce from Darnley. According to Meline, the lords selected Bothwell as Mary’s new husband because they believed he would protect their land grant interests. Bothwell arrived at the decision to encourage Mary to divorce Darnley because of his desire to elevate his political status. Mary considered Bothwell as a close friend during her troubled marriage with Darnley, although it is not clear whether or not an affair took place between them. Romantic historians, such as Antonia Fraser, believed it was Bothwell’s love for Mary that inspired him to join the divorce plot. Meline and Read insisted that Mary’s love for Bothwell encouraged him to seek a divorce from his wife and marry her. Guy’s position on the entire love affair is that Bothwell never possessed any passion or for the Scottish Queen. He wanted to use Mary sexually as well as experience the feeling of ruling beside her as king. Bothwell and Maitland suggested the idea of divorcing Darnley to Mary, but she feared that her son would become an illegitimate heir to the English throne. After continued mental exhaustion in her marriage, Mary agreed to the divorce plans. Mary did not realize that eventually these divorce plans would escalate to a murder plot, which forced her to abdicate the Scottish throne. James Douglas, Earl of Morton, wanted to take the plans further than divorce. Morton’s anger against Darnley still boiled from the Rizzio Plot. Bothwell’s ambitions for a chance to reign as king beside Mary encouraged him to join the plot to murder Darnley. On February 8, 1567, Mary visited Darnley, who suffered from syphilis, at the Kirk O’ Field house in Glasgow. Bothwell wanted Mary to persuade Darnley to join her in returning to Edinburgh where the other Scottish lords awaited him. Bothwell deceitfully encourage Mary to believe that Darnley wanted to kidnap James VI and become his regent. When she approached Darnley about this accusation, he denied any knowledge of it and Mary returned to Edinburgh. Two days after her departure, there was an explosion at Darnley’s house and he was killed. Bothwell married Mary on May 15, 1567. The marriage to Bothwell proved disastrous for Mary’s reputation in Europe and caused the collapse of her reign as Queen in Scotland. Bothwell had a terrible temper and became very jealous of Mary. On June 15, The Scottish lords were united against Mary because they declared Bothwell guilty of Darnley’s murder and wanted complete hegemony over Edinburgh. After Mary and Bothwell arrived at Edinburgh Castle, Morton and his troops gathered at Carbury Hill. Mary surrendered and was taken prisoner to Lochleven Castle in Edinburgh for eleven months. According to Guy, Mary stood behind her husband because he was her only protector. Instead, Bothwell escaped and Mary never saw him again. Elizabeth sent Sir Thomas Throckmorton to Scotland to appear before the Lords of the Congregation. He advised them of Elizabeth’s plan to take action against them if Mary remained a prisoner. They did not heed her orders because Mary had abdicated the throne and gave the lords consent to her son’s coronation. Moray accepted the appointment as regent to Prince James without any concern of Elizabeth’s threats. Throckmorton knew there was no reason to remain in Scotland and returned to England. Mary escaped Lochleven on May 22, 1568 with the help of the Laird of Lochleven’s brother, George Douglass. She sent word to Elizabeth requesting that she receive her upon her arrival and provide her with supplies. Elizabeth’s Privy Council did not accept the news of her arrival and Cecil raised concerns on the threats she posed to England. Cecil believed that Mary would assemble her friends to assist her in proclaiming her rights to the English throne. Furthermore, Cecil assumed that Mary would try to gain the support of Scotland while she sought refuge in England. Upon Mary’s arrival to England, Cecil held an inquiry at Westminster to determine if Mary had a role in the murder of Lord Darnley. Mary consented to the inquiry as long as she was restored to the Scottish throne upon a favorable verdict. The Earl of Moray, who offered his assistance in the plot on Darnley’s life, turned his back on his sister. His apparent deceit may have been to exonerate his name and separate himself from the conspiracy. Moray produced evidence against Mary by submitting a silver casket containing eight letters found under Bothwell’s bed after he escaped. The Casket Letters were letters written by Mary to Bothwell out of her love for him. Meline offered valid points to prove the Casket Letters produced by Moray were forged. When Bothwell escaped, he had enough time to pack all of his belongings before his flight. It is highly unlikely that he would forget to take letters such as these. Secondly, the silver casket was found by a former attendant of Bothwell who knew what was contained inside of it. In an effort to incriminate Mary, Moray may have forged these letters based on assumptions of what may have been discussed in them. None of the letters contained Mary’s signature or her seal. Finally, all of the letters were translated from French into Scotch. The original French version never surfaced, which suggests that Bothwell took the letters with him. Agnes Strickland proves one last pi ece to the puzzle to prove Mary’s innocence in the murder of Darnley. Strickland provides a letter written by Bothwell on his deathbed confessing that he devised the plot to kill Darnley along with Moray and Morton. Bothwell stated that Mary did not have any knowledge that Darnley was murdered. The commissioners ignored this confession as well as Parliament when the issue resurfaced during Mary’s trial at Fotheringhay. During the trial, Moray produced a letter written by Mary of her desire to murder Bothwell. Mary denied this letter and claimed that it had been forged. Throughout the inquiry, Mary persistently requested to see the original letters for which she was accused of writing. The English commissioners, which consisted of the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex and Sir Ralph Sadler, denied her access to them and stated that they were not convinced of Mary’s innocence. They agreed that the letters contained too much information that Mary could only know. Jane Dunn gives a romantic twist to the story when she claimed that the Duke of Norfolk began to in fall in love with Mary and was more sympathetic to her plight. Dunn states that Norfolk believed that Elizabeth only wanted to keep Mary as a prisoner and Moray wanted to stain the name of his sister. The inquiry ruled that Mary remained Titular Queen of Scotland from her permanent residence in England. Mary was removed to Tutbury Castl e in Staffordshire under the guard of George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury. During this time, Mary held regular communications with Guerau de Spes, a Spanish ambassador sent to England by Philip II. His orders from Philip were to rise against Elizabeth through disgruntled English Catholics, establish Mary on the throne and restore Catholicism as the national faith. This became the central theme in future plots involving ambitious Catholics who wanted to escalate Mary’s power. De Spes believed that the Duke of Norfolk would serve as a good husband for Mary. Norfolk expressed his plans to marry Mary and dispose of William Cecil from the Council. Mary favored this idea because she wanted to reclaim the Scottish throne and gain her freedom. In May, 1569, Mary received a formal proposal of marriage from Norfolk. All those who were involved in the marriage plot wanted to keep it a secret until Elizabeth was persuaded of the advantages from such a union. When Moray heard of the marriage plan through courtly gossip, he sent a letter to Elizabeth to warn her o f the plan. Elizabeth summoned Norfolk to confess his marriage plans, but he refused to answer her. She continued to give the duke chances to confess, but he denied the marriage plans even as they moved forward. Elizabeth ordered Norfolk to appear before the English Court because of his unwillingness to cooperate. He fled to Kenninghall in Norfolk as Cecil and other members of council urged him not to escape. Norfolk was arrested while en route to Windsor and placed in the Tower. The Queen wanted to try him for treason and if convicted, she would take the law into her hands. Cecil advised against this because it might portray her as a tyrant. After Norfolk was released from the Tower, Roberto Ridolfi, an Italian Catholic, went to London as a business agent. After being unsuccessful in the rebellion of the northern earls in November, 1569, he decided that any revolt used to cede foreign powers was necessary. He showed his plans to place Mary on the English throne to Pope Pius V on February 25, 1570. Pius approved of his plans and published a Bull of Excommunication for Elizabeth and all her subjects. Mary wrote to Norfolk on February 8, 1571 outlying Ridolfi’s plan and invited him to join. Norfolk initially resisted until Mary’s agent in London, John Leslie, the Bishop of Ross, encouraged him to support Ridolfi. At the same time, Parliament assembled in May, 1571 to pass three acts on High Treason. These Acts stated that an act of treason was committed when anyone denounced Elizabeth as the rightful queen, any form of literature contained elements of heresy or any papal bull was passed into England. When the Bishop of Ross was threatened with the rack, his confession revealed that Norfolk participated in the plot to free Mary. The Duke was arrested on charges of High Treason and, once again, sentenced to the Tower. Elizabeth placed a watchful eye on Mary and decided to never again bring up the issue of restoring her to the Scottish throne. Mary denied any evidence of the plot brought before her including any knowledge of being acquainted with Ridolfi. Parliament was divided on the type of punishment for Mary. Most of the members came to an agreement that execution was the correct punishment for Mary, while others believed that barring her from the English secession was sufficient. Cecil never received enough evidence to charge Mary with involvement in the Ridolfi Plot. Elizabeth did not entertain any discussions of her execution and decided to spare Mary. On May 31, the Queen signed Norfolk’s death warrant. Since Cecil could not arrest Mary, he decided to strip away her diplomatic relations in France. He sent Thomas Smith, a member of the Privy Council, to France to encourage Catherine de Medici to disassociate herself from Mary. He created the illusion of an immediate threat posed by Spain to England in defense of Mary’s cause. Cecil published copies of the Casket Letters and distributed them in Scotland to dissuade people from assisting Mary in reclaiming the Scottish throne. Upon Norfolk’s execution, Parliament wanted to obtain a bill of attainder, which bypassed the need to accumulate evidence or give Mary the right to a trial. Read suggests that Walsingham wanted Mary’s execution more than Cecil because her presence in England posed a threat to Elizabeth. Walsingham wanted to use Mary’s severed head as a message to other conspirators seeking to plot against the Queen. Elizabeth did not approve of these efforts and maintained that she could not move again st a God-anointed queen. In November 1583, Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth’s new Secretary of State, captured Francis Throckmorton, the nephew of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, who worked on behalf of Mary as her agent. Walsingham’s spies discovered his communications with the Duke of Guise and the Jesuits. Walsingham also intercepted letters written by Mary to Castlenau, an ambassador at the French embassy. Mary hoped to make Scotland independent, with the protection of France, and restore her reign as Queen. Throckmorton confessed that the conspiracy’s aim was to prepare Philip’s Enterprise of England for Mary to acquire the throne. He added that Mary and Bernardino de Mendoza, a Spanish ambassador, participated in the conspiracy. Elizabeth wanted Throckmorton executed and Mendoza expelled in disgrace. For the remainder of Elizabeth’s reign, Spain was not allowed to send another ambassador to England. Walsingham began to tighten security in August, 1584, and, with the approach of 1585, Mary was sent back to Tutbury Castle. Elizabeth ceased any further discussions of restoring Elizabeth to the Scottish throne. In October, 1584, with the assassination of William the Silent, Prince of Orange, Walsingham and Cecil formed the Bond of Association on behalf of Elizabeth. This measure began as a method to destroy the Queen of Scots if she became involved in another conspiracy. James was exempt from this order unless he participated in any plots involving an attempt on Elizabeth. When Cecil informed Mary of this, she held steadfast in her claim of being unaware of any conspiracies against Elizabeth. Nevertheless, she signed the Bond to show her cooperation and innocence in any of the conspiracies. James sent his mother a letter stating that he would continue to acknowledge her as Queen Mother, but he could not approve a â€Å"joint rule or restore her to the throne in Scotland.† James signed a separate treaty with England one year later to show his allegiance to Elizabeth. After Mary signed the bond, she received word that a new jailer, Sir Amias Poulet, a Puritan, was set to arrive at Tutb ury to increase surveillance. Mary heavily contested this because she believed that their religious practices would clash. He did not allow her to have any visitors, confiscated her mail, and only permitted her to leave the castle with a parade of armed soldiers. On Christmas Eve, 1585, Mary was removed from Tutbury to Chartley, which was a fortified house of the Earl of Essex. Paulet’s fear of Elizabeth’s security was confirmed after the arrest of Gilbert Gifford, a Catholic refugee, at Rye on his arrival from France. He appeared before Walsingham and confessed that Mary’s friends in Scotland sent him to re-establish contact with her. Now that his plans were known, Gifford worked for Walsingham as a spy. His task consisted of passing all incoming correspondence to Mary directly to Walsingham. Gifford had to intercept any letters that Mary sent as outgoing mail and give them directly to Walsingham. Mary sent numerous letters to her Catholic agent, Chateauneuf, to advise him to beware of spies among his secretaries. She had no idea that Chateauneuf’s secretaries were not the real threat. Walsingham passed the letters to his secretary, Thomas Phelippes, an expert in ciphers. Phelippes decoded, copied and resealed the letters to send them to their destination. The issue with Phelippes letters was that he added postscripts to all of Mary’s letters without her knowledge to extract more information from the conspirators. Walsingham also gave Gifford the order to advise Mary that he knew of a secret route to smuggle the letters in and out of Chartley. Gifford introduced himself in a letter he sent to Mary and described a secret channel which she might communicate with her friends overseas. Walsingham made arrangements with a local brewer, Master Burton, in Buxton, to supply Mary’s house with regular supplies of beer in large barrels. Burton received a monetary bribe to transport Mary’s letters in a waterproof wooden box. In order to slip through the bung-hole of the barrel, a small box was needed. The brewer had been duped into believing his assistance helped Mary, but when the truth revealed itself it was too late to do anything. Mary never suspected that a trap had been set by Gifford and Walsingham. In May, 1586, Gifford intercepted two damaging letters from Mary to Mendoza and Charles Paget, a Catholic co-conspirator, which assured her support for a Spanish invasion by Philip II. When Paget responded to Mary’s letter, he informed her about a Catholic priest, John Ballard, who arrived from France in order to construct the Catholic rebellion against Elizabeth. The invasion was going to coincide with the Spanish invasion expected that summer. Ballard visited Anthony Babington, a rich Catholic supporter of Mary, to discuss the murder plot of the Queen. His first task was to transfer five packets of letters, written by Thomas Morgan, a co-conspirator, to Mary. Mendoza also joined the plot because he lost his political status as a Spanish Ambassador. He wanted to plan a religious war involving Catholic invasion of England. Babington agreed to the murder plot and advised that he had thirteen supporters who were anxious to join the plan. Gifford, working as a spy for Walsingham, joined Babington and Ballard in the murder plot. Babington sent a letter to Mary on July 6 to outline the plan for Elizabeth’s murder and asked for her blessings in executing the plot. In the letter to Mary, Babington stated that of the thirteen men he recruited, six of them were going to take Elizabeth’s life. When Mary sent her support for the plan, she did not formally give her approval for Elizabeth’s assassination. However, she acknowledged that action was needed in securing her freedom from Elizabeth. Mary advised Babington to turn to Mendoza for assistance because he was the ambassador to Philip II of Spain. Gifford intercepted the letter and turned it into Walsingham, who decided to let the plot continue. Walsingham waited for this moment and believed that any approval given by Mary endorsed the murde r of his Queen. Walsingham sent Phelippes to Chartley in order to intercept Babington’s letter to Mary. After he decoded the letter, he sent it back to Chartley to wait for Mary’s response. Mary’s secretaries assisted her in translating the letter into French and English. Nau was responsible for drafting the letter in French so that Mary could approve it before it was translated into English by Curle. The English version of the letter was not written by Mary’s hand and it is not clear as to the accuracy of Mary’s words in that letter. Phelippes decoded the letter because Gifford intercepted the cipher sent by Mary to Chateauneuf. Walsingham believed that this was enough evidence to accuse Mary of her written consent for Elizabeth’s assassination and foreign invasion. Ballard was arrested and sent to the Tower on the grounds of being a Catholic priest. Babington decided to flee England and Elizabeth issued a proclamation condemning the conspiracy. Copies of paintings were distributed throughout England to show the identity of the conspirators. While Mary was away hunting, chests full of letters were confiscated and sent to Walsingham. Walsingham arrested Mary and captured Babington sending him to the Tower on the next day. Elizabeth isolated Mary from her servant in the hopes that she would die of loneliness. Babington confessed to the plot to assassinate Elizabeth and implicated Mary as the centermost conspirator. Babington, Ballard and five other men were tried and sentenced to die at St. Giles Fields at Holborn. On September 25, Elizabeth’s Privy Council sent Mary to Fotheringhay Castle in Northhamptonshire. A total of forty commissioners, consisting of lords, privy councilors and judges, were selected to preside over Mary’s trial. Cecil guided the trial and his objective was to convince Mary’s supporters of her guilt. The trial commenced on October 11, but Mary refused to participate on the grounds that she was a God-anointed Queen. Walsingham sent for Sir Christopher Hatton, acting Lord Chancellor, to advise Mary that her attendance was mandatory, but she still did not move. Elizabeth decided to send a letter to Mary, which contributed to Mary’s decision to participate in the trial. Guy states that Mary’s change of heart came after she realized that the committee may find her guilty without her testimony. When the trial commenced on October 14, Mary was charged with â€Å"treasonable conspiracy against the Queen’s life.† Mary was not allowed the defense of counsel nor did she see any of the evidence against her. She believed that commission delegated had a guilty verdict planned in their minds before her trial began. Mary told the commission that she only wanted to discuss her words and not Babington’s letters. She denied any knowledge of the Babington Plot and claimed that the letters had been forged. Furthermore, she stated that she never intended for the conspirators to murder Elizabeth on her behalf. Mary was unaware that her letters had been intercepted by Walsingham while en route to Babington. In addition, the commissioners never advised her that the letters sent to Babington were translated by Walsingham’s spy, Thomas Phelippes. According to Pollen, Nau, who translated Mary’s letter in to French, may have been misguided by Cecil as to how many letters were confiscated in Mary’s chamber. His testimony may contain fallacies because he was under extreme pressure by Walsingham to confess. Curle’s translation was taken from Nau’s draft and placed into an English cipher. Phelippes version of Curle’s letter is not authentic because it is a copy of the original document. Furthermore, the postscript he added to these letters contributed to a major flaw in the accuracy of these letters. Elizabeth’s Council did not want to turn these letters in as evidence because Phelippes translated these copies. When Babington confessed to these letters, he was shown other copies with additional postscripts. Members of Council deceitfully told Babington that these letters were from the other conspirators in order to extract a confession. Babington, Nau and Curle were forced to rewrite these same altered letters when they confessed to them. Phelippes postscripts added the informal request for the name of the six conspirators and the method of instructions given once their names were revealed. If Babington had noticed Phelippes’ postscript before he signed the letter, Mary’s fate may have turned in a different direction. Walsingham and Cecil were not convinced by Mary’s testimony of her innocence. After reviewing the evidence against Mary, the commissioners reached a verdict of guilty in her absence. When Parliament approached Elizabeth with verdict and the execution sentence, Elizabeth replied with an â€Å"answer, answerless.† Two days before Parliament reconvened, Mary’s son, James VI of Scotland, sent an envoy to Elizabeth to plea for mercy on his mother’s life. Elizabeth and her Council believed this attempt was not out of concern for his mother’s life, but to verify the security of his succession to the English throne. Parliament assembled on October 16 to declare Mary’s sentence-execution by the axe. On November 25, the commissioners reassembled in the Star Chamber at Westminster to formally condemn Mary to death. Elizabeth continued to delay the signing of the execution warrant drafted by Walsingham. She was afraid of a Catholic rebellion and further attempts on her life by Catholic conspirators. Elizabeth sent for Sir William Davison, Walsingham’s secretary, to advise the Council that she wanted the execution to take place in the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle. She instructed Davison to go to Sir Christopher Hatton to attach the Great Seal of England on the warrant. Davison showed the warrant to Cecil before bringing it to Hatton. When Elizabeth told Davison to hold the warrant until she spoke with Hatton once more, Davison replied that it was too late. Hatton and Davison went to Cecil to call an emergency council meeting. This meeting concluded to continue the plans to dispatch warrant without further permission from the queen. Cecil drafted an order for the presentation of the warrant to Mary at Fotheringhay Castle. Elizabeth demanded to hear no more of Mary’s execution until after the deed was done. The rest is history! In 1585, an Act of Parliament decreed that anyone conspiring on behalf of Mary Stuart can cause her death even if she does not have any knowledge of the crime. Plots continued to soar after Mary escaped Lochleven Castle in Edinburgh to England. The Scottish Queen did not accept the invitation by her mother-in-law, Catherine de Medici, to return to France because she believed that Elizabeth had her best interest at heart. Cecil and Walsingham used many tactics to link Mary with the conspiracies of ambitious Catholics seeking to promote the Catholic cause as well as their own. In the case of the Babington Plot, the conspirators were threatened with extreme methods of torture to extract confessions. Mary’s secretaries, Nau and Curle, were promised gracious favors as well as threats of punishment by Walsingham. The truth of Mary’s guilt or innocence will never surface because of the methods implored by Council to obtain confessions. The evidence produced by the conspirators was not valid enough to execute a case against Mary. Walsingham may have fabricated a plot against Mary because of the lack of evidence against her. He wanted to rid England of her at all costs, no matter if his methods created injustice to all who were involved. Mary’s fate was already determined at the onset of trial in the Babington case. The commissioners who passed her sentence were allowed to see the evidence against her before the trial commenced. Her death sentence was passed after the second examination of the evidence against her. In November 25, 1586, Mary was charged with directing Babington to consult with Bernardino de Mendoza because of his experience and giving her consent to the six conspirators who agreed to perform the assassinaton on Elizabeth’s life. Bede, Cuthbert. Fotheringhay and Mary Queen of Scots: Being an Account, Historical and Descriptive†¦London: Simpkin, Marshall and Company, 1886. Also available online at archive.org/details/fotheringhaymary00bederich. Dunn, Jane. Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens. New York: Vintage Press, 2003. Erickson, Carolly. The First Elizabeth. New York: Summit Books, 1983. Fraser, Antonia. Mary, Queen of Scots. New York: Delacorte Press, 1969. Guy, John. The True Life of Mary Stuart. New York: Mariner Books, 2005. Hibbert, Christopher. The Virgin Queen: Elizabeth I, Genius of the Golden Age. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1991. Hume, Martin. Two English Queens and Philip. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908. Lindsey, Karen. Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the wives of Henry VIII. Massachusetts: Perseus Books, 1995. Meline, James F. Mary Queen of Scots and Her Latest English Historian. New York: The Catholic Publication Society, 1871. Also available online at http://www/archive.org/details/maryqueenofscotsa00frougoog. Morris, John, ed. The Letters-Books of Sir Amias Poulet: Keeper of Mary, Queen of Scots. London: Burns and Oates, 1874. Also available online at archive.org/details/letterbooksofsir00pouluoft. Mumby, Frank Arthur. Elizabeth and Mary Stuart: The Beginning of the Feud. London: Constable and Company, Ltd., 1914. Neale, J.E. Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 1559-1581. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1958. Pollen, John Hungerford, ed. Mary Queen of Scots and the Babington Plot. Vol. 3. Scottish Historical Society Third Series. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable, Ltd., 1922. Also available at http://ww.archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots00polluoft. Read, Conyers, ed. The Bardon Papers: Documents Relating to the Imprisonment and the Trial of Mary Queen of Scots. Vol. 17. Camden Third Series. London: Offices of the Society, 1909. Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955. Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961. â€Å"Walsingham and Burghley in Queen Elizabeth’s Privy Council.† The English Historical Review 28, no. 109 (1913): 34-58. Starkey, David. Elizabeth: The Struggle for the Throne. New York: Harpers Collins Publishers, 2001. Strickland, Agnes, ed. Letters of Mary Queen of Scots and Documents Connected with Her Personal History. 3 vols. London: Henry Colburn, 1845. Weir, Alison. The Life of Elizabeth I. New York: Ballatine Books, 1998. Research Papers on The Innocence of Mary Stuart, Queen of ScotsThe Hockey GameBringing Democracy to AfricaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Fifth HorsemanQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay